ARTICLE 8 Shipping and Air Transport 　　1. Profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State. 　　2. For the purposes of this Article, the term "profits from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic" includes profits derived from the rental of ships or aircraft on a full (time or voyage) basis. It also includes profits from the rental of ships or aircraft on a bareboat basis by an enterprise engaged in the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic, if such rental activities are incidental to the activities described in paragraph 1. Profits derived by an enterprise from the inland transport of property or passengers within either Contracting State are treated as profits from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic if such transport is undertaken as part of international traffic by the enterprise. 　　3. Profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State engaged in the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic from the use, maintenance, or rental of containers (including trailers, barges, and related equipment for the transport of containers) used in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State. 　　4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 shall also apply to profits from the participation in a pool, a joint business, or an international operating agency. ARTICLE 9 Associated Enterprises 1. Where: 　　a) an enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, or 　　b) the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control,or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State,and in either case conditions are made or imposed between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which would be made between independent enterprises, then any profits which would, but for those conditions, have accrued to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly. 　　2. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that State, and taxes accordingly, profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other State, and the profits so included are profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of the tax charged therein on those profits. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Convention and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall if necessary consult each other. 　　3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not limit any provisions of the law of either Contracting State which permit the distribution, apportionment, or allocation of income,deductions, credits, or allowances between persons, whether or not residents of a Contracting State, owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the same interests when necessary in order to prevent evasion of taxes or clearly to reflect the income of any such persons. ARTICLE 10 Dividends 　　1. Dividends paid by a resident of a Contracting State and beneficially owned by a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 　　2. However, such dividends may also be taxed in the Contracting State of which the payor is a resident and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the dividends is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed: 　　a) 5 percent of the gross amount of the dividends if the beneficial owner is a company which holds directly at least 10 percent of the voting shares of the company paying the dividends; 　　b) 15 percent of the gross amount of the dividends in all other cases. Subparagraph a) shall not apply in the case of dividends paid by a United States person that is a　Regulated Investment Company or a Real Estate Investment Trust.　Subparagraph b) shall apply in the case of dividends paid by a Regulated Investment Company.　In the case of dividends paid by a United States person that is a Real Estate Investment Trust,　 subparagraph b) shall apply only if the dividend is beneficially owned by an individual holding a less than 10 percent interest in the Real Estate Investment Trust; otherwise, the rate of withholding applicable under domestic law shall apply. 　　This paragraph shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid. 　　3. The term "dividends" as used in this Article means income from shares or other rights, not being debt-claims, participating in profits, as well as income from other corporate rights which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by the laws of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident. The term "dividends" also includes income from arrangements, including debt obligations, carrying the right to participate in profits, to the extent so characterized under the law of the Contracting State in which the income arises. 　　4. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State of which the payor is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the dividends are attributable to such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 14 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 　　5. A company that is a resident of one of the Contracting States and that has a permanent establishment that is subject to tax on its business profits in the other Contracting State or that is subject to tax in the other State on a net basis on its income that may be taxed in the other State under Article 6 (Income from Immovable (Real) Property) or under paragraph 1 of Article 13 (Capital Gains) may be subject in that other State to a tax in addition to the tax on profits. Such tax, however, may not exceed 5 percent of the portion of the profits of the company subject to tax in the other State that represents the dividend equivalent amount of such profits. 　　6.Where a resident of a Contracting State derives profits or income from the other Contracting State, that other State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by that resident, except insofar as such dividends are paid to a resident of that other State or insofar as the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid forms part of the business property of a permanent establishment or a fixed base situated in that other State, even if the dividends paid consist wholly or partly of profits or income arising in such other State. ARTICLE 11 Interest 　　1. Interest arising in a Contracting State and beneficially owned by a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 　　2. However, such interest may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which it arises and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the interest is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 percent of the gross amount of the interest. 　　3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2: 　　a) Interest arising in a Contracting State, derived and beneficially owned by the Government of the other Contracting State, including political subdivisions and local authorities thereof, the Central Bank or any financial institution wholly owned by that Government, or interest derived on loans guaranteed or insured by that Government, subdivision, authority or institution shall be exempt from tax in the first-mentioned State; 　　b) interest arising in a Contracting State shall be exempt from tax in that State if the beneficial owner of the interest is an enterprise of the other Contracting State, and the interest is paid with respect to an indebtedness arising as a consequence of the sale on credit by an enterprise of that other State, of any merchandise, or industrial, commercial or scientific equipment to an enterprise of the first-mentioned State, except where the sale or indebtedness is between related persons; 　　c) the United States may tax an excess inclusion with respect to a residual interest in a Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit in accordance with its domestic law; and d) interest paid by a resident of a Contracting State and that is determined with reference to receipts, sales, income, profits or other cash flow of the debtor or a related person, to any change in the value of any property of the debtor or a related person or to any dividend, partnership distribution or similar payment made by the debtor to a related person also may be taxed in that State, and according to its laws, but if the beneficial owner is a resident of the other Contracting State, the gross amount of the interest may be taxed at a rate not exceeding the rate prescribed in subparagraph b) of paragraph 2 of Article 10 (Dividends). 　　4. The term "interest" as used in this Convention means income from debt-claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage and, subject to paragraph 4 of Article 10 (Dividends), whether or not carrying a right to participate in the debtor's profits, and in particular, income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures, including premiums or prizes attaching to such securities, bonds or debentures, as well as all other income that is treated as interest by the taxation law of the Contracting State in which the income arises. Penalty charges for late payment shall not be regarded as interest for the purpose of this Article. 　　5. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the interest, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the interest arises, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the interest is attributable to such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 14 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 　　6. Interest shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payor is a resident of that　State. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the indebtedness on which the interest is paid was incurred, and such interest is borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such interest shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated. 　　7. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payor and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest, having regard to the debt-claim for which it is paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payor and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of the Convention. 　　8. A resident of a Contracting State may be subject to tax in the other Contracting State in respect of interest expenses allocable to its profits attributable to a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State or subject to tax in the other Contracting State under Article 6 (Income from Immovable (Real) Property) or paragraph 1 of Article 13 (Capital Gains) over the interest paid by or from that permanent establishment or trade or business. In this case, the allocable interest expense in excess of interest paid shall be deemed to be interest arising in the other Contracting State and be beneficially owned by a resident of the first-mentioned Contracting State. ARTICLE 12 Royalties 　　1. Royalties arising in a Contracting State and beneficially owned by a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 　　2. However, such royalties may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise and according to the laws of that State, but if the beneficial owner of the royalties is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax so charged shall not exceed: 　　a) 5 percent of the gross amount of the royalties paid for the use of industrial,commercial or scientific equipment; 　　b) 10 percent of the gross amount of the royalties in all other cases. 　　3. The term "royalties" as used in this Convention means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work, including computer software, cinematographic films and films or tapes and other means of image or sound reproduction for radio or television broadcasting, any patent, trademark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or other like right or property, or for the use of, or the right to use, industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience. The term "royalties" also includes payments derived from the disposition of any such right or property which are contingent on the productivity, use or further disposition thereof. 　　4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the royalties, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the royalties arise, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the royalties are attributable to such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 14 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 　　5. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payor and the beneficial owner or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties, having regard to the use, right, or information for which they are paid, exceeds the amount which would have been agreed upon by the payor and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the laws of each Contracting State, due regard being had to the other provisions of the Convention. 　　6. For purposes of this Article: 　　a) Royalties shall be treated as arising in a Contracting State when the payer is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of a Contracting States or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and such royalties are borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such royalties shall be deemed to arise in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated. 　　b) Where subparagraph a) does not operate to treat royalties as arising in a Contracting State, and the royalties are for the use of, or the right to use, in a Contracting State any property or right described in paragraph 3, then such royalties shall be deemed to arise in that State and not in the State of which the payor is resident. 　　c) Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this paragraph, payments received as consideration for the use of containers, (including trailers, barges, and related equipment for the transport of containers) used in transportation of passengers or property (other than transportation solely between places in a Contracting State), not dealt with in Article 8 (Shipping and Air Transport) shall be deemed to arise in neither Contracting State. ARTICLE 13 Capital Gains 　　1. Gains or income derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of immovable (real) property situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 　　2. For the purposes of this Article, the term "immovable (real) property situated in the other Contracting State" includes immovable (real) property referred to in Article 6 (Income from Immovable (Real) Property) which is situated in that other State. It also includes shares of stock of a company the property of which consists at least 50 percent of immovable (real) property situated in that other State, and an interest in a partnership, trust or estate to the extent that its assets consist of immovable (real) property situated in that other State. In the United States the term includes a "United States real property interest." 　　3. Gains from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a　permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting　State, or of movable property pertaining to a fixed base which is available to a resident of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing independent personal services, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or with the whole enterprise) or fixed base, may be taxed in that other State. 　　4. Gains derived by an enterprise of a Contracting State operating ships or aircraft in international traffic from the alienation of ships, aircraft or containers operated or used in international traffic or movable property pertaining to the operation or use of such ships, aircraft or containers shall be taxable only in that State. 　　5. Payments described in paragraph 3 of Article 12 (Royalties) shall be taxable only in accordance with the provisions of Article 12. 　　6. Gains from the alienation of any property other than property referred to in paragraphs 1 through 5 shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the alienator is a resident. ARTICLE 14 Independent Personal Services 　　1. Income derived by an individual who is a resident of a Contracting State in respect of professional services or other activities of an independent character shall be taxable only in that State unless such services are performed in the other Contracting State and he has a fixed base regularly available to him in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing his activities. In such case, the income may be taxed in the other State, but only so much of it as is attributable to that fixed base. For this purpose, where an individual who is a resident of a Contracting State stays in the other Contracting State for a period or periods exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any twelve-month period commencing or ending in the taxable year concerned, he shall be deemed to have a fixed base regularly available to him in that other State and the income that is derived from his activities referred to in the first sentence of this paragraph shall be attributable to that fixed base. 　　2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, the income that is taxable in the other Contracting State shall be determined in the same way as income of a resident of that other State derived in respect of professional services or other activities of an independent character. However, nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as obliging a Contracting State to grant to residents of the other Contracting State any personal allowances, reliefs and reductions for taxation purposes on account of civil status or family responsibilities that it grants to its own residents. 　　3. The term "professional services" includes especially independent scientific, literary,artistic, educational or teaching activities as well as the independent activities of physicians,lawyers, engineers, architects, dentists and accountants. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　ARTICLE 15 　　　　　　　　　　　Dependent Personal Services 　　1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 16 (Directors' Fees), 18 (Pensions, Social Security, Annuities, Alimony, and Child Support), 19 (Government Service) and 20 (Students, Trainees and Researchers), salaries, wages and other remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment isexercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other State. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State if: 　　a) the recipient is present in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any twelve-month period commencing or ending in the taxable year concerned, and b) the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of the other State, and 　　c) the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment or a fixed base which the employer has in the other State. 　　3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration in respect of an employment as a member of the regular complement of a ship or aircraft operated by an enterprise of a Contracting State in international traffic may be taxed in that Contracting State. ARTICLE 16 Directors' Fees Directors' fees and other compensation derived by a resident of a Contracting State in his capacity as a member of the board of directors or any similar organ of a company that is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. ARTICLE 17 Artistes and Sportsmen 　　1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 14 (Independent Personal Services) and 15 (Dependent Personal Services), income derived by a resident of a Contracting State as an entertainer, such as a theater, motion picture, radio or television artiste, or a musician, or as a sportsman, from his personal activities as such exercised in the other Contracting State, may be taxed in that other State, except where the amount of the gross receipts derived by such entertainer or sportsman, including expenses reimbursed to him or borne on his behalf, from such activities does not exceed twenty thousand United States dollars ($20,000) or its equivalent in　Estonian kroons for the taxable year concerned. 　　2. Where income in respect of activities exercised by an entertainer or a sportsman in his capacity as such accrues not to the entertainer or sportsman but to another person, that income of that other person may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7 (Business Profits), 14 (Independent Personal Services) and 15 (Dependent Personal Services), be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the entertainer or sportsman are exercised, unless it is established that neither the entertainer or sportsman nor persons related thereto participate directly or indirectly in the profits of that other person in any manner, including the receipt of deferred remuneration, bonuses, fees, dividends, partnership distributions, or other distributions. 　　3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to income derived from activities exercised in a Contracting State by a resident of the other Contracting State as an entertainer or sportsman if the visit to the first-mentioned State is wholly or mainly supported by public funds of the other State or a political subdivision or local authority thereof. In such a case, the income　shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the entertainer or sportsman is a resident.