The Government of the United States of America and the Government of Australia. 　　Desiring to conclude a Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, 　　Have agreed as follows: ARTICLE 1 Personal Scope 　　(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Convention, this Convention shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States. 　　(2) This Convention shall not restrict in any manner any exclusion, exemption, deduction, rebate, credit or other allowance accorded from time to time: 　　(a) by the laws of either Contracting State; or 　　(b) by any other agreement between the Contracting States. 　　(3) Notwithstanding any provision of this Convention, except paragraph (4) of this Article, a Contracting State may tax its residents (as determined under Article 4 (Residence)) and individuals electing under its domestic law to be taxed as residents of that state, and by reason of citizenship may tax its citizens, as if this Convention had not entered into force. For this purpose, the term "citizen" shall, with respect to United States source income according to United States law relating to United States tax, include a former citizen whose loss of citizenship had as one of its principal purposes the avoidance of tax, but only for a period of 10 years following such loss. 　　(4) The provisions of paragraph (3) shall not affect: (a) the benefits conferred by a Contracting State under paragraph (2) of Article 9 (Associated Enterprises), paragraph (2) or (6) of Article 18 (Pensions, Annuities, Alimony and Child Support), Article 22 (Relief from Double Taxation), 23 (Non-Discrimination), 24 (Mutual Agreement Procedure) or paragraph (1) of Article 27 (Miscellaneous); or 　　(b) the benefits conferred by a Contracting State under Article 19 (Governmental Remuneration), 20 (Students) or 26 (Diplomatic and Consular Privileges) upon individuals who are neither citizens of, nor have immigrant status in, that State (in the case of benefits conferred by the United States), or who are not ordinarily resident in that State (in the case of benefits conferred by Australia). ARTICLE 2 Taxes Covered 　(1) The existing taxes to which this Convention shall apply are: 　　(a) in the United States: the Federal income taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, but excluding the accumulated earnings tax and the personal holding company tax; and 　　(b) in Australia; the Australian income tax, including the additional tax upon the undistributed amount of the distributable income of a private company. (2) This Convention shall also apply to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed by either Contracting State after the date of signature of this Convention in addition to, or in place of, the existing taxes. At the end of each calendar year, the competent authority of each Contracting State shall notify the competent authority of the other Contracting State of any substantial changes which have been made during that year in the laws of his State relating to the taxes to which this Convention applies or in the official interpretation of those laws or of this Convention. ARTICLE 3 General Definitions (1) For the purposes of this convention, unless the context otherwise requires: (a) the term "person" includes an individual, an estate of a deceased individual, a trust, a partnership, a company and any other body of persons; (b) the term "company" means any body corporate or any entity which is treated as a company or a body corporate for tax purposes; (c) the terms "enterprise of one of the Contracting States" and "enterprise of the other Contracting State" mean an enterprise carried on by a resident of Australia or an enterprise carried on by a resident of the United States, as the context requires; (d) the term "international traffic" means any transport by a ship or aircraft, except where such transport is solely between places within a Contracting State; (e) the term "competent authority" means: (i) in the case of the United States: the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate;and 　 　(ii) in the case of Australia: the Commissioner of Taxation or his authorized representative; (f) the terms "Contracting State", "one of the Contracting States" and "the other Contracting State" mean the United States or Australia, as the context requires; (g) (i) the term "United States corporation" means a corporation which, under United States law relating to United States tax, is a domestic corporation or an unincorporated entity treated as a domestic corporation, and which is not, under the law of Australia relating to Australian tax, a resident of Australia; and (ii) the term "Australian corporation" means a company, as defined under the law of Australia relating to Australian tax, which, under that law, is a resident of Australia, and which is not, under United States law relating to United States tax, a domestic corporation or an unincorporated entity treated as a domestic corporation; (h) the term "State" means any National State, whether or not one of the Contracting States; (i) the term "United State tax" means tax imposed by the United States to which this Convention applies by virtue of Article 2 (Taxes Covered) and the term "Australian tax" means tax imposed by Australia to which this Convention applies by virtue of Article 2 (Taxes Covered), but neither term includes any amount which represents a penalty or interest imposed under the law of either Contracting State relating to United States tax or Australian tax; (j) (i) The term "United States" means the United States of America; and (ii) when used in a geographical sense, the term "United States" means thestates thereof and the District of Columbia and also includes: (A) the territorial waters thereof; and (B) the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast thereof, but beyond the territorial waters, over which the United States exercises rights, in accordance with international law, for purposes of exploration for, or exploitation of, the natural resources of those areas; (k) the term "Australia" means the Commonwealth of Australia and, when used in a geographical sense, includes: (i) the Territory of Norfolk Island; 　　(ii) the Territory of Christmas Island; 　　(iii) the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands; 　　(iv) the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands; 　　(v) the Coral Sea Islands Territory; and 　　(vi) any area adjacent to the territorial limits of Australia or of the said Territories in respect of which there is for the time being in force, consistently with international law, a law of Australia or of a State or part of Australia or of a Territory aforesaid dealing with the exploitation of any of the natural resources of the sea-bed and subsoil of the continental shelf; 　　(l) the term "resident of one of the Contracting States" and "resident of the other Contracting State" mean a resident of Australia or a resident of the United States, as the context requires. (2) As regards the application of this Convention by one of the Contracting States, any term not defined herein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning which it has under the laws of that State relating to the taxes to which this Convention applies. ARTICLE 4 Residence 　　(1) For the purposes of this Convention: 　　(a) a person is a resident of Australia if the person is: 　　(i) an Australian corporation; or 　　(ii) any other person (except a company as defined under the law of Australia relating to Australian tax) who, under that law, is a resident of Australia, provided that, in relation to any income, a person who: (iii) is subject to Australian tax on income which is from sources in Australia; or (iv) is a partnership, an estate of a deceased individual or a trust (other than a trust that is a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund, or that is established for public charitable purposes or for the purpose of enabling scientific research to be conducted by or in conjunction with a public university or public hospital, the income of which is exempt from tax under the law of Australia relating to Australian tax), shall not be treated as a resident of Australia except to the extent that the income is subject to Australian tax as the income of a resident, either in the hands of that person or in the hands of a partner of beneficiary, or, if that income is exempt from Australian tax, is so exempt solely because it is subject to United States tax; and (b) a person is a resident of the United States if the person is: (i) a United States corporation; or (ii) any other person (except a corporation or unincorporated entity treated as a corporation for United States tax purposes) resident in the United States for purposes of its tax, provided that, in relation to any income derived by a partnership, an estate of a deceased individual or a trust, such person shall not be treated as a resident of the United States except to the extent that the income is subject to United States tax as the income of a resident, either in its hands or in the hands of a partner or beneficiary, or, if that income is exempt from United States tax, is exempt other than because such person, partner or beneficiary is not a United States person according to United States law relating to United States tax. (2) Where by application of paragraph (1) an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State: (a) in which he maintain his permanent home; (b) if the provisions of sub-paragraph (a) do not apply, in which he has an habitual abode if he has his permanent home in both Contracting States or in neither of the Contracting States; or (c) if the provisions of sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) do not apply, with which his personal and economic relations are closer if he has an habitual abode in both Contracting States or in neither of the Contracting States. (3) For the purposes of this paragraph, in determining an individual's permanent home, regard shall be given to the place where the individual dwells with his family, and in determining the Contracting State with which an individual's personal and economic relations are closer, regard shall be given to his citizenship (if he is a citizen of one of the Contracting States). An individual who is deemed to be a resident of one of the Contracting States for any year of income, or taxable year, as the case may be by reason of the provisions of paragraph (2) shall, for all purposes of this Convention, be deemed to be a resident only of that State for such year. ARTICLE 5 Permanent Establishment (1) For the purpose of this Convention, the term "permanent establishment" means a fixed place of business through the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. (2) The term "permanent establishment" shall include especially: 　　(a) a place of management; 　　(b) a branch; 　　(c) an office; 　　(d) a factory; 　　(e) a workshop; 　　(f) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural　resources; 　　(g) an agricultural, pastoral or forestry property; 　　(h) a building site or construction, assembly or installation project which exists for more　than 9 months; and 　　(i) an installation, drilling rig or ship that, for an aggregate period of at least 6 months in　any 24 month period, is used by an enterprise of one of the Contracting States in the other Contracting State for dredging or for or in connection with the exploration or exploitation of natural resources of the sea-bed and subsoil. 　　(3) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2), an enterprise of one of the Contracting States shall not be regarded as having a permanent establishment solely as a result of one or more of the following: 　　(a) the use of facilities for the purpose of storage, display or delivery of goods or　merchandise belonging to the enterprise; 　　(b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise for　the purpose of storage, display or delivery; 　　(c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise for　the purpose of processing by another enterprise; 　　(d) the maintenance of a fixed place of business for the purpose of purchasing goods or　merchandise, or for collecting information, for the enterprise; 　　(e) the maintenance of a fixed place of business for the purpose of activities which have　a preparatory or auxiliary character, such as advertising or scientific research, for the enterprise; 　　(f) the maintenance of a building site or construction, assembly or installation project　which does not exist for more than 9 months; or 　　(g) the use by that enterprise in the other Contracting State, of an installation, drilling rig or ship for dredging, or for or in connection with the exploration or exploitation of natural resources of the sea-bed and subsoil, provided that such use is not for an aggregate period of at least 6 months in any 24 month period. 　　(4) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2), an enterprise of one of the Contracting States shall be deemed to have a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State if: 　　(a) it carries on business in that other State through a person, other than an agent of independent status to whom paragraph (5) applies, who has authority to conclude contracts on behalf of that enterprise and habitually exercises that authority in that other State, unless the activities of such person are limited to those mentioned in paragraph (3) which, if exercised through a fixed place of business, would not make that fixed place of business a permanent establishment under the provisions of that paragraph; 　　(b) it maintains substantial equipment for rental or other purposes within that other State　(excluding equipment let under a hire-purchase agreement) for a period of more than 12　months; 　　(c) it engages in supervisory activities in that other State for more than 9 months in any 24 month period in connection with a building site or construction, assembly or installation project in that other State; or (d) it has goods or merchandise belonging to it that: 　　(i) were purchased by it in that other State, and not subjected to prior substantial processing outside that other State; or 　　(ii) were produced by it or on its behalf in that other State, and are, after such　purchase or production, subjected to substantial processing in that other State by an enterprise where either enterprise participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of the other enterprise, or where the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of both enterprises. 　　(5) An enterprise of one of the Contracting States shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State merely because that enterprise carries on business in that other State through a broker, general commission agent, or any other agent of independent status, where such broker or agent is acting in the ordinary course of his business as a broker, general commission agent or other agent of independent status. 　　(6) The fact that a company which is a resident of one of the Contracting States controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other. 　　(7) The principles set forth in the preceding paragraphs of this Article shall be applied in determining for purposes of this Convention whether there is a permanent establishment in a State other than one of the Contracting States and whether an enterprise other than an enterprise of one of the Contracting States has a permanent establishment in one of the Contracting States. ARTICLE 6 Income from Real Property 　　(1) Income from real property may be taxed by the Contracting State in which such real property is situated. 　　(2) For the purposes of this Convention: 　　(i) a leasehold interest in land, whether or not improved, shall be regarded as real property situated where the land to which the interest relates is situated; and (ii) rights to exploit or to explore for natural resources shall be regarded as real property situated where the natural resources are situated or sought. ARTICLE 7 Business Profits (1) The business profits of an enterprise of one of the Contracting States shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the business profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment. 　　(2) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (3), where an enterprise of one the Contracting States carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the business profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and independent enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment or with other enterprises with which it deals. 　　(3) In the determination of the business profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions expenses which are reasonably connected with the profits (including executive and general administrative expenses) and which would be deductible if the permanent establishment were an independent entity which paid those expenses, whether incurred in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere. 　　(4) No business profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise. 　　(5) For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs of this Article, the business profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary. 　　(6) Where business profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Convention, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article. 　　(7) Nothing in this Article shall affect the application of any law of a Contracting State relating to the determination of the tax liability of a person in cases where the information available to the competent authority of that State is inadequate to determine the profits to be attributed to a permanent establishment, provided that, on the basis of the available information, the determination of the profits of the permanent establishment is consistent with the principles stated in this Article. 　　(8) Nothing in this Article shall in a Contracting State prevent the operation in that State of its law relating specifically to the taxation of any person who carries on the business of any form of insurance (as long as that law as in effect on the date of signature of this Convention is not varied otherwise than in minor respects so as not to affect its general character). ARTICLE 8 Shipping and Air Transport 　　(1) Profits derived by a resident of one of the Contracting States from the operation in international traffic of ships or aircraft shall be taxable only in that State. For the purposes of this Article, profits from the operation in international traffic of ships or aircraft include: 　　(a) profits from the lease on a full basis of ships or aircraft operated in international traffic by the lessee, provided that the lessor either operates ships or aircraft otherwise than solely between places in the other Contracting State or regularly leases ships or aircraft on a full basis; and (b) profits from the lease of ships or aircraft on a bareboat basis or of containers and related equipment, provided that such lease is merely incidental to the operation in international traffic of ships or aircraft by the lessor and the leased ships or aircraft are operated in international traffic, or the containers and related equipment are used in international traffic, by the lessee. (2) The provisions of paragraph (1) shall apply to the share of the profits from the operation in international traffic of ships or aircraft derived by a resident of one of the Contracting States through participation in a pool service, in a joint transport operation organization or in an international operating agency. 　　(3) For the purposes of this Article, profits derived from the carriage by ships or aircraft of passengers, livestock, mail, goods or merchandise shipped in a Contracting State for discharge at another place in that State shall not be treated as profits from the operation in international traffic of ships or aircraft and may be taxed in that State. ARTICLE 9 Associated Enterprises 　　(1) Where: 　　(a) an enterprise of one of the Contracting States participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State; or 　　(b) the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or　capital of an enterprise of one of the Contracting States and an enterprise of the other Contracting State, and in either case conditions operate between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which might be expected to operate between independent enterprises dealing wholly independently with one another, then any profits which, but for those conditions, might have been expected to accrue to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly. 　　(2) Where profits on which an enterprise of one of the Contracting States has been charged to tax in that State are also included, by virtue of paragraph (1), in the profits of an enterprise of the other Contracting State and taxed accordingly, and the profits so included are profits which might have been expected to have accrued to that enterprise of the other State if the conditions operative between the enterprises had been those which might have been expected to have operated between independent enterprises dealing wholly independently with one another, then the first-mentioned State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of tax charged on those profits in the first-mentioned State. In determining such an adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Convention and the competent authorities of the Contracting State shall if necessary consult each other. 　　(3) Nothing in this Article shall affect the application of any Law of a Contracting State relating to the determination of the tax liability of a person, including determinations in cases where the information available to the competent authority of that State is inadequate to determine the income to be attributed to an enterprise, provided that, on the basis of the available information, the determination of that tax liability is consistent with the principles stated in this Article. 　 ARTICLE 10 Dividends 　　(1) Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of one of the Contracting States for the purposes of its tax, being dividends to which a resident of the other Contracting State is beneficially entitled, may be taxed in that other State. 　　(2) Such dividends may be taxed in the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident for the purposes of its tax, and according to the law of that State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 15 percent of the gross amount of the dividends. 　　(3) The term "dividends" in this Article means income from shares and other income assimilated to income from shares by the taxation law of the Contracting State of which the company making the distribution is a resident for the purposes of its tax. 　　(4) The provisions of paragraph (2) shall not apply if the person beneficially entitled to the dividends, being a resident of one of the Contracting States, carries on business in the other Contracting State, being the State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 14 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 　　(5) Where a company is a resident of one of the Contracting States, the other Contracting State may not impose any tax on dividends paid by the company, except insofar as: 　　(a) a resident of that other State is beneficially entitled to the dividends; 　　(b) the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with a permanent establishment or a fixed base situated in that other State; or 　　(c) that other State does not impose a tax of the kind described in paragraph (6)(excluding the accumulated earnings tax and the personal holding company tax imposed by the United States) and the dividends are paid out of profits attributable to one or more permanent establishments which such company had in that other State, provided that the gross income attributable to such permanent establishments constituted at least 50 percent of such company's gross income from all sources. 　　Where sub-paragraph (c) applies and sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) do not apply, any such tax shall not exceed 15 percent of the dividends. 　　(6) Nothing in this Convention shall be construed as preventing a Contracting State from imposing on the income of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, tax in addition to the taxes referred to in Article 2 in relation to the first-mentioned Contracting State which are payable by a company which is a resident of the first-mentioned State, provided that any such additional tax shall not exceed 15 percent of the amount by which the taxable income of the first-mentioned company of a year of income exceeds the tax payable on that taxable income to the first-mentioned State. Any tax payable to a Contracting State on the undistributed profits of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State shall be calculated as if that company were not liable to the additional tax referred to in this paragraph and had paid dividends of such amount that tax equal to the amount of that additional tax would have been payable on the dividends in accordance with paragraph (2) of this Article. ARTICLE 11 Interest 　　(1) Interest from sources in one of the Contracting States, being interest to which a resident of the other Contracting State is beneficially entitled, may be taxed in that other State. 　　(2) Such interest may be taxed in the Contracting State in which it has its source, and according to the law of that State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 percent of the gross amount of the interest. 　　(3) Paragraph (2) shall not apply if the person beneficially entitled to the interest, being a resident of one of the Contracting States, has a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State or performs independent personal services in that other State from a fixed base situated therein and the indebtedness giving rise to the interest is effectively connected with such permanent establishment of fixed base. In such a case the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 14 (Independent Personal Services), 　　as the case may be, shall apply. 　　(4) Where, owing to a special relationship between the payer and the person beneficially entitled to the interest, or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest paid, having regard to the indebtedness for which it is paid, exceeds the amount which might have been expected to have been agreed upon by the payer and the person so entitled in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In that case, the excess part of the amount of the interest paid shall remain taxable according to the law of each Contracting State, but subject to the other provisions of this Convention. 　　(5) The term "interest" as used in this Convention includes income which, under the taxation law of the Contracting State in which the income has its source, is assimilated to income from money lent. 　　(6) A Contracting State may not impose any tax on interest paid by a resident of the other Contracting State, except insofar as: (a) such interest has its source in the first-mentioned State, or is interest to which a resident of that State is beneficially entitled; or 　　(b) the indebtedness in respect of which the interest is paid is effectively connected with a permanent establishment or a fixed base of the beneficial owner of the interest situated in the first-mentioned State. 　　(7) Interest shall be treated as income from sources in a Contracting State when the payer is that State itself or a political subdivision or local authority of that State or a person who is a resident of that State for the purposes of its tax. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of one of the Contracting States or not, has in one of the Contracting States or outside both Contracting States a permanent establishment or fixed base in connection with which the indebtedness on which the interest is paid was incurred, and such interest is borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such interest shall be deemed to have its source in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated. ARTICLE 12 Royalties 　　(1) Royalties from sources in one of the Contracting States, being royalties to which a resident of the other Contracting State is beneficially entitled, may be taxed in that other State. 　　(2) Such royalties may be taxed in the Contracting State in which they have their source, and according to the law of that State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 percent of the gross amount of the royalties. 　　(3) Paragraph (2) shall not apply if the person beneficially entitled to the royalties, being a resident of one of the Contracting States, has a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State or performs independent personal services in that other State from a fixed base situated therein, and the property or rights giving rise to the royalties are effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 14 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 　　(4) The term "royalties" in this Article means: 　　(a) payments or credits of any kind to the extent to which they are consideration for the use of or the right to use any: (i) copyright, patent, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, trademark or other like property or right; 　　(ii) industrial, commercial or scientific equipment, other than equipment let under　a hire purchase agreement; 　　(iii) motion picture films; or 　　(iv) films or video tapes for the use in connection with television or tapes for use in connection with radio broadcasting; (b) payments or credits of any kind to the extent to which they are considered for: 　　(i) the supply of scientific, technical, industrial or commercial knowledge or information owned by any person; 　　(ii) the supply of any assistance of an ancillary and subsidiary nature furnished as a means of enabling the application or enjoyment of knowledge or information referred to in sub-paragraph (b) (i) or of any other property or rights to which this Article applies; or 　　(iii) a total or partial forbearance in respect of the use or supply of any property or right described in this paragraph; or 　　(c) income derived from the sale, exchange or other disposition of any property or right　described in this paragraph to the extent to which the amount realized on such sale, exchange or other disposition are contingent on the productivity, use or further disposition of such property or right. 　　(5) Where, owing to a special relationship between the payer and the person beneficially entitled to the royalties or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties paid or credited, having regard to what they are paid or credited for, exceeds the amount which might have been expected to have been agreed upon by the payer and the person so entitled in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In that case, the excess part of the amount of the royalties paid or credited shall remain taxable according to the law of each Contracting State, but subject to the other provisions of this Convention. 　　(6) (a) Royalties shall be treated as income from sources in a Contracting State when the payer in that State itself or a political subdivision or local authority of that State or a person who is a resident of that State for the purposes of its tax. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether he is a resident of one of the Contracting States or not, has in one of the Contracting States or outside both Contracting States a permanent establishment or fixed base in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and the royalties are borne by the permanent establishment or fixed base, then the royalties shall be deemed to have their source in the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated. (b) Where sub-paragraph (a) does not operate to treat royalties as being from sources in one of the Contracting States, and the royalties relate to use or the right to use in one of the Contracting States of any property or right described in paragraph (4), the royalties shall be treated as income from sources in that State.